Predicting the Future of the United States Economy Essay -- economics

It is to my belief that no one can possibly predict the approaching of the economy. Because of this we are faced with many questions that cannot be easily answered. Will the economy recover drastically or simply continue to increase moderately? Or could the economy in turn go into a recession? Theres been plenty of good news about the U.S. economy employment is expanding (2.4 million new payroll jobs in the last year) inflation remains low (less than a 2 percent rate in the past quarter) the stock market is higher (up 11 percent on the Dow from its November low), and business investment is impressive (rising at a 14 percent rate in late 2004). (1) It is my opinion that unless something drastic happens in the world today, positive or negative, the economy will continue to increase at a modest rate. Even though no one instead knows which way our economy is heading, there are many sparing concepts designed to help beatnik positive and negative changes that can show us how closel y we are or are not doing. These concepts include examples such as gross domestic increase (gross domestic product), business cycle, and unemployment rate. It is only human nature to motivation economy growth because it will lead to higher incomes and higher living standards. In order to see which direction our economy is heading and measure our economic performance, a clay was invented that measures the value of all final goods and services produced at heart a country during a specific period of time, usually a year. This system it called gross domestic product (GDP). These figures are closely watched by those in the business and financial communities to measure our economys growth. GDP is a measure of the economys output. It is measured by counting all final goods and services once and only once that are produced during a current period, within the country. GDP can be measured by totaling the expenditures on goods and services produced during a specific time frame. This is referred to as the expenditure approach. Conversely, GDP can be reached by adding the income payments to resources suppliers and the other costs of producing those goods and services. Production of goods and services can be costly because it requires resources that cannot be used else where. These expenses generate incomes for resource suppliers. Therefore, this method of calculating GDP is referred to as resource cost-income a... ... The rate of unemployment is an important measurement of the conditions in the total labor market. The rate of unemployment is the percentage of people in the labor force who are unemployed. It is equal to the number of people unemployed divided by the number of people in the labor force multiplied by 100. The department of force back indicates five reasons why people may experience unemployment. These reasons included new entrants, reentrants, job leavers, dismissed, on layoff. As the world changes, new products are introduced and new te chnologies are developed, some unemployment is inevitable. However, there can be a positive side to job searching because an individual can possibly find a give out job. Even though no one can quite know which way our economy is heading, by closely observing our gross domestic product (GDP), business cycle, and unemployment rate we will have a better understanding. Because our world is so dynamic, there are so many variables that can change in an instant creating a peak or recession in our economy. The most important thing to remember, however, is neither a peak nor recession last unendingly so the only thing that remains constant is change.

The Burden of Prejudice and Racism :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Burden of Racism                The sizzling streams of sunlight were ripe beautifully glimmering vote outon the  crisp green school yard. Such a rattling(prenominal) day that was. Nothing couldhave ruined it. Little Jimmy, since it was such a wonderful day decided to go tothe corner store and buy himself a little treat. As little Jimmy started walkingover to the store, clouds flocked over the blazing sun and the sudden pitchdark meant no trouble. On the other side of the road were three white boys fromJimmys same school. Upon recognizing Jimmy, the boys ran over the street towhere he was.                Hey Negro, whats up?, one of the white son said.               Did your mamma pack you enough to eat to-day?, another hooted.               Ju st leave me alone., Little Jimmy said               Oh no, Jimmys real getting pist off?, the first boy retaliated.               Just shove off and let me be, Jimmy answered.               Now youre gonna die, Nigger, one of the white Boy said.                It is like this everyday, everywhere, and everytime, people sufferdiscrimination. All because they have differences amongst each other. Differentbeliefs, different cultures, different skin colour, all of these act likebuilding blocks to support construct what we know as Racism.                Racism has become one of the many burdens amongst multi-cultural worldslike Canada and the States. Racism is a part of each and every one of us. Nodoubt , we are all racist, but this the term racism has been used too loosely.Racism has been mutated to such an extent that it could be a reason for war, a figure of terrorism, and even an excuse for neglecting. Is that all there is toit? No, actually it is just the beginning. Racism is just like warfare in whichthere is no shelter and cipher is neutral.                Nobody is exempt from this demon. He has haunted us with a bitter curse.On one occasion I remember, nobody would play with me at school. I would walkaround by myself and ask people if we could play together. Everywhere that Iwent, like the process of induction, everyone would avoid me. Like two inductedpoles with the same polarity, they would just shimmer off into the distance andcontinue to do whatever theyre doing. Because of racial differences, theyneglect me.                People are afraid of the u nknown, and it is this difference amongstpeople that spread rumors and mistrust amongst people. Corrupting our thoughtsand reasons, we get accustomed to thinking differences are omens. Amongstsmaller kids, there is no difficulty in getting them to all play together.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

Screaming at the Perception of DeathI definitely will always call this cold and rainy dark as if I was just waking from the night before. We were young then and had no idea what this life had to offer us. It was haphazard and at the season I could have cared less...my whole world could have come crashing down at this one moment with one smash, one hesitate or one scream and I could have cared less...we were on so many drugs and so many highs we couldnt have cared ab come to the fore things like life, grapple or family...When I impression I was dead I could not have cared more.It all started late that night. It was a freezing night and the sky was tenacious and gloomy. The air smelled of rain and moisture because it had been raining all day. One of my good friends, Tony, and I were staying the night at my bear after a long night of drinking, partying and hanging out at The Palace, an underage dance club down the street from my house. We had already told my mom goodnight and headed off to bed. Our night was not over to that extent though...A friend of ours, Dana, was having a party at her house all weekend because her mom was out of town. We had asked my mom earlier if we could stay at Tonys house because we knew his dad would just let us go, but I think she had a hint already of that situation so she said no and that she thought we should just stay there. We were going to the party anyways. The phone rang and it must have been one of the loudest most piercing rings ever because we were on our way out the door trying our hardest to get out without making a sound so that we could escape the house without my mom knowing. My moms scream, TOOONY...who in the nuthouse is calling my house at two oclock in the morning? was all I heard as I sprinted back in the house to throw my shoes off and answer the phone knowing it was probably one of my friends being drunk and ignorant.This time the phone was for her... perfect time to leave Moooom, its for you Pick it up in there I slammed the phone down. We bailed outside as quiet and quickly as we could.

The Flight Path of Airplanes Over Neighborhoods Essay -- Solutions Pap

The Flight Path of communication channelplanes Over Neighborhoods The houses cant be unbuilt, and the airports cant be torn down. But maybe the fences can be mended. Robbie Sherwood In the past 10 historic period, many cities across the country have outgrown the planners expectations. Unfortunately the airports that were built 20 or more years ago, have not grown with the cities. Phoenix has tripled in size in the past 10 years. The tripling of air traffic has not had anywhere to go. The same(p) two runways that have been serving the city since 1935 when the airport was built have been extremely over loaded. It is not just happening in Phoenix, a few years ago Denver received a new airport to relieve the overflow of traffic from the older Stapelton Airport. In Irvine California, El Toro Marine Air Base is scheduled to be closed next year, and running into opposition to be converted to civilian use. The changes in the National Airspace System (NAS) argon always happening, eith er in the routing of traffic or the airports on the ground. The problem arises when the traffic routes change faster than the airport system does. As said above, at that place are some changes that are going on in the system right now. To accommodate the growing number of flights operating at Sky take construction of a new third runway is underway. The 7,800-foot parallel runway is scheduled for completion in spring 1999(Sky harbor International Airport 4). In Denver the traffic load that was being handled by Stapelton Airport was too high. When Denver International (DIA) opened in February 1995 it could immediately take three time of the traffic that Stapelton could the week before. I believe that the airports around the country and specifically in Phoe... ...Harbor International Airport. http//www.ci.phoenix.az.us/AVIATION/airports.html (2 Dec. 1998). Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. identify of Airport Tables. http//www.nrdc.org/nrdc/nrdcpro/nrdcpro/fo c/phazps.html (2 Dec. 1998). Record of Approval Scottsdale Airport Noise Compatibility Program. Federal Aviation Administration. http//www.faa.gov/arp/app600/14cfr150/roasdl.html (28 Oct. 1998). Scottsdale Airport General Information. City of Scottsdale Transportation. http//www.ci.scottsdale.az.us/airport/general_info.asp (28 Oct. 1998). Sherwood. Robbie. Airports Runway to future Bumpy olive Branches offered to Williams Neighbors. Arizona Republic. 25 Oct. 1998, community ed. EV1+. Sullivan, George. Personal Interview. 27 Oct. 1998. Whats New. Williams Gateway Airport. http//www.flywga.org/whatsnew.htm (2 Dec. 1998)

Key Features of Lavertys Father and Son :: Bernard Mac Laverty

Describe the key features if a short story you have enjoyed, saying what has impressed you most about it.Father and Son is written by Bernard Mac Laverty. One of the main themes of Father and Son is the breakdown of a family blood. A main feature of Father and Son is repetition and this feature helps to fork up the relationship between the gravel and son. Another feature is tones, each character reveals different physical exertions of tones. The son has an aggressive tone, while the father has a caring and some frail tone. These key features help the reader to enjoy the short story Father and Son. Father and Son helps to highlight the theme of family breakdown afterwards the boss of a family member. This can be shown by I love him so much it hurts but he wont talk to me. This shows the father tries to keep a close bond between them both. However, the son wants to create a large distance between them this maybe because of him growing up and abstracted to become an adult. These helps most readers to relate to the characters and enjoy this book as most readers have been teenagers or are parents and can sympathize with their situation. This father and son relationship is very strained. A previous incident it is suggested that the son was close to death. The reader can pick this up with the quotation Look, Da, I have not touched(p) the stuff since I came back. This helps to explain why the father has became so needy to be a part of his sons life, because they have already lost a family member and almost losing his son scared him deeply, however this incidentally pushes his son further away. The father cares greatly for his son. The writer helps us to understand this by not naming the son. This encourages the repetition of my son, which shows the pride and love this father has for his son. This helps us to comprehend the pain the father feels about the distance in his relationship with his son. The pleasure of understanding and empathizing with the father he lps us to enjoy Father and Son. The tone is very important in this short story as it helps to increase the knowledge of each character. The son, for instance, has a very aggressive tone as the reader may expect from a young frustrated man, an example of that is I would like to slap his face and make a man out of him.

Key Features of Lavertys Father and Son :: Bernard Mac Laverty

Describe the key features if a short tier you acquit enjoyed, saying what has impressed you near about it. become and Son is written by Bernard Mac Laverty. One of the main themes of Father and Son is the breakdown of a family relationship. A main feature of Father and Son is repetition and this feature helps to show the relationship between the father and son. Another feature is faces, each disposition reveals different examples of tones. The son has an aggressive tone, while the father has a caring and almost frail tone. These key features help the reviewer to enjoy the short story Father and Son. Father and Son helps to highlight the theme of family breakdown after the boss of a family member. This can be shown by I venerate him so much it hurts but he wont talk to me. This shows the father tries to keep a close bond between them both. However, the son wants to pretend a large distance between them this maybe because of him growing up and wanting to become an adult. These helps most readers to relate to the characters and enjoy this book as most readers have been teenagers or are parents and can sympathize with their situation. This father and son relationship is very strained. A previous incident it is suggested that the son was close to death. The reader can pick this up with the quotation Look, Da, I have not touched the stuff since I came back. This helps to explain why the father has became so needy to be a part of his sons life, because they have already lost a family member and almost losing his son scared him deeply, besides this incidentally pushes his son further away. The father cares greatly for his son. The writer helps us to understand this by not naming the son. This encourages the repetition of my son, which shows the pride and making love this father has for his son. This helps us to comprehend the pain the father feels about the distance in his relationship with his son. The pleasure of understanding and empathizing with the fathe r helps us to enjoy Father and Son. The tone is very important in this short story as it helps to increase the knowledge of each character. The son, for instance, has a very aggressive tone as the reader may expect from a young frustrated mankind, an example of that is I would like to slap his face and make a man out of him.

My High School Experience Essay

When passel start high school theyre usually so excited. They cant wait to mother everything that comes with organism in high school, I mean who wouldnt? Everyone says that high school is the best four years of your life. Now that Im months let on from graduating, I cant say they were my best years but I can say they were my most educational years, of course I wouldnt say that they werent fun because they were. When I say educational, I mean Ive learned so frequently just about myself and so much about life. I learned what the words family, love, breakal, law and life meant. every last(predicate) these regular(a)ts changed me, and Im glad they happened because I wouldnt have learned all these lessons. My record hasnt changed Im still a carefree girl, just with a little more wisdom and a lot more strength. I started off school with a horrible attitude because my parents sent me to a different school. They sent me to a school where I knew about two people, I was so angry at my parents that I decided to rebel until they would transfer me to Eastlake. When I went back to Eastlake everything was good again, I made new friends and I even had a boyfriend.My priorities were never really about school or getting good grades, it was always about my friends and my boyfriend. I would ditch on a casual basis just to spend more time with them even if we didnt really do anything exciting, just as long as I didnt have to be bored in a classroom. My ditching got so bad it got to the point where my teachers didnt even know my name, or they thought I transferred out of their class. As a result to all this ditching, I had horrible grades and I was way behind on my credits.I regret ditching because I ruined my chances of departure to a university instead Im going to a community college. I realize now that I ditched for no reason at all, it was a waste of my time. I look back and think that ditching is just so ridiculous, there really is no point to it unless you want to ru in your future. Remember how I said I learned what the words family, love and betrayal meant? Well, in my situation they sort of all happened together. My freshmen and sophomore year, I had my first real boyfriend.I was completely and totally in love with this guy, he changed me in ways that Im noble-minded of and ways that Im non proud of. I revolved my world around him, which wasnt a good idea. After almost two years of dating, we broke up and it literally tatterdemalion my world. During our relationship I became friends with his friends and I even considered one of them my best friends, so when we broke up I didnt only loose him, I doomed all of them as well. It felt so awful to all of a sudden have everything, and then just lose everything in a day.A couple of weeks later, I found out that my best friend was actually dating my ex boyfriend. I couldnt believe that a person could betray close toone like that, especially after everything that she and I went through together. Im non proud of the events that happened after all of this, and Im not proud of how I let them change me. The one thing that saved me was my family they saved me in ways I cant even explain. They gave me go for and a new life for me that I am extremely grateful for. Ive learned to be wiser when it comes to picking friends, and choosing who to put my trust in.I withal became a stronger person, I dont let people walk all over me or I dont let people control my life anymore. The last event is the one that taught me the most about how hard life is, and how life isnt always fair. My junior year was washed-out in Tijuana, I would go every weekend to hang out with my cousins and now I have a good life over there. I was never considered a bad kid or a bad influence to other people but everyone goes off course at some point in their life, well mine was spending the night in jail.I could honestly say that I didnt do anything to deserve being there, except just being at the wrong place with the wrong people. It was really tough to see the disappointment in my parents faces when they saw me in there, its probably the worst place for your parents to see you in. I felt helpless because even though I committed no crime, I was still handle as if I did and it was just an awful experience to go through. After I got out, I decided to leave all those friends behind because they didnt do me any good except get me in trouble.I learned the hard way that people can bring you brush up, even if you dont expect it. Throughout my four years of high school I learned to not follow the crowd, even if it may seem extremely assuredness at the time. I do regret the things I did, but in a way Im glad for the lessons I could take from them. All of these events made me a stronger person, and Ive learned what right and wrong is. My parents and I had a rocky four years, I put them through so much disappointment and stress but in the end, I finally became the good daughter.I dont disrespect them anymore, I care about school, and Im glad to say that I havent disappointed them in a very long time. I think its terrible how much a person can grow and transform into something they never thought they would be. Im looking forward to graduating and proving all the people that looked down on me wrong, its going to be an amazing feeling. These four years are only the beginning, they couldnt have been my best years because my life is not even close to being over, Im going to learn so many more things and have even better memories.

Financial Terms Worksheet Essay

Understanding health cargon financial terms is a prerequisite for both academic and professional success. This assignment is intended to ensure you understand some of the basic terms used in this course.Complete the worksheet downstairs according to the following guidelinesIn the space provided, write each terms definition as used in health care caution. You moldiness define the term in your own words. In the space provided after each terms definition, summarize a health care management scenario that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, or son of a bitch to which the term refers. In the scenario, you may wish to consider the followingWhy the skill, concept, procedure, or tool is necessary for accurate indicate keeping, operational efficiency, excellent patient services, employee management, regulatory compliance, reducing costs, forecasting, and so forth Successes enabled by an adequate understanding or appropriate application of the skill, concept, proced ure, or tool Risks or failures associated with an inadequate understanding or inappropriate application of the skill, concept, procedure, or toolSave the completed worksheet as a Microsoft Word record with your give in the file name. Submit the file to your instructor.WorksheetSubmitted By Keila QuintanilaType your name here.TermDefinitionScenarioBalance sheetA fiscal statement that summarizes a connections assets, liabilities, shareholders equity at a peculiar(prenominal) point in time and net worth. This statement will display if the organization is in nifty fiscal standing or not and if they can meet their long-term fiscal responsibilities.The director asked for the titles of the four financial statements that included in an audited financial report, which are the following Balance Sheet statement, Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, Statement of Fund Balance or Net Worth or Equity statement. Statement of gross and expenseA statement summarizes amount of do good earn ed minus the amount of operating expense. The statement will indicate the difference as profit or loss. The health care manager purchased some medical equipment, in which he will enter in the statement of revenue and expense the document will show the amount of profit earned and the minus amount of operating expenses. This will clearly shows the difference as profit or loss.gross cycleThe revenue cycle starts with meeting of customers, following any transactions during the period of transactions and continues with a political company/customer association.The salesman has brought revenue into the company. Furthermore, the salesman describe that, the gross Cycle beings with meeting with customers, presenting the product and closing the sale during specific time but more important is to have a continues business relationship with company and customers. Payer mixMedical practice Medicaid, Medicare, indemnity insurance, managed careof monies received by a medical practice Medical organiz ations predict third party remunerator mixes so that they can precisely predict their profits for the coming term.RevenueThe amount of currency that a company essentially receives during a specific period, including discounts and deductions for returned products. It is the top line or gross income figure from which costs are subtracted to define net income. The medical organization, revenue is the money received from insurance companies, payer mix that brings in from the rendered services. The medical organization usually calculates and report revenue for a quarter or a year.ReferencesBaker, J. J., & Baker, R. W. (2011). Health care finance grassroots tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Diet Analysis Project Essay

1. How does your daily caloric intake stack up compared to what is recommended?Unfortunately, after completing my diet analysis, I found out that my daily caloric intake is 1,5 times higher than it is recommended. According to the USDA website my caloric intake should be 1880 per day, by in reality it is 2972 (about 3000 per day). Now I understand why I started to gain weight, even though I dont eat a lot or often.2. What nutrients do you consume the most? Does this pattern reflect a healthy diet? Compare your results to dietary recommendations provided on the website.After reviewing my nutrient intakes, I discovered that I consume too much carbohydrates, cholesterol and sodium. While acceptable range of carbohydrates is 130, I consume about 300 per day. Similarly, instead of recommended

Bladder Cancer

BLADDER CANCER vesica malignant neoplastic disease is the growth of malignant cells in the urinary bladder. Most forms of bladder pubic lo enforce start in the superficial layer of the transitional epithelium, and most often affect the transitional cells. It may alike be called transitional cell carcinoma or even urothelial carcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is also a term use for transitional cell cancer in the renal pelvis, ureters, and urethra. Bladder cancer is a relatively common disease.It is the fourth leading cancer among men (following prostate, lung, colorectal cancers), and the tenth leading cancer among women occurring in men most three times more often than women. Like most types of cancer, bladder cancer usually involves epithelial cells, in this case, the transitional epithelium that lines the urinary bladder. uniform repetitive damage to the epithelium causes the mature cells to die. This stimulates rapid replication in the basal layer, and soon new colonies of imma ture cells mig number to the surface.These new cells atomic number 18 comfortably disrupted by genetic mutations and may become malignant growths that cause bleeding into the bladder. The causes of bladder cancer vary according to medical history and geographical location. People who have had pelvic radiation for other problems and people who have had chronic infections, bladder stones, or catheter use are at an increased lay on the line for developing bladder cancer. In Africa, Asia, and South America, bladder cancer is associated with a specific parasitic infection, called Schistosoma haematobium.In the United States and industrial countries, most cases of bladder cancer are directly related to more controllable factors. The transitional epithelium of the bladder seems to be especial(a)ly susceptible to damage from environmental toxins. some(prenominal) genetic mutations that limit the bodys ability to slow down tumor growth or invasion have been linked to bladder cancer. Th ese mutations are frequently triggered by exposure to carcinogenic substances. About half of bladder cancer cases are believed to be related to cigarette smoking.Other contributing factors entangle exposure to aromatic chemicals used in dry cleaning fluid, hairdressing chemicals, and textile and rubber industries. The earliest most dependable sign of bladder cancer is hematuria (blood in the water system). The urine of a bladder cancer patient is often noticeably reddened or rust colored, although the patient has no particular pain in the early plays of the disease. If the tumors continue to grow and invade deeper layers of the bladder, secondary symptoms may develop.These are the result of mechanical pressure, including the bladder irritability (painful urination, increased frequency of urinating, reduced urine output) and compression on the rectum, pelvic lymph nodes, and any other structures that may be in the way. In order to diagnose bladder cancer, urine samples may be teste d to look for shedding cancer cells, and a digital rectal exam (or a pelvic exam if the patient is a woman) provides information about tumors.Other diagnostic techniques include using dye to stain the urine and make the bladder easy to radiograph. Specific markers for bladder cancer have recently been identified, but tests to find them are not yet consistently accurate or widely available. However, continued development in this eye socket show a promising future toward the early detection and treatment of this disease. How to treat bladder cancer depends on the stage at diagnosis.Surgeons can use a small wire loop at the end of a cystoscope to remove abnormal tissue, or another tool may be used to burn the tumor away with electricity. More invasive surgeries may remove part or the entire bladder, and if signs of pelvic metastasis are present, other tissues as well. weewee flow may be routed out of the body through a stoma, or a variety of surgeries have been developed to form arti ficial bladders from part of the large or small intestine. In addition to surgery, radiation and chemotherapy may be used in the battle against bladder cancer.More than 70% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made when the cells affect only superficial layers of tissue. Of course, this is excellent news because the survival rate for cancers caught early is much better than for cancers caught in stage three or later. Even so, bladder cancer has an unusual habit of growing in several places at once, so although it may be attainable to catch one or two tumors, any invisible third, fourth, and fifth tumors may not become symptomatic for another several months.This means that the reoccurrence rate for bladder cancer is surprisingly high up to 80% percent of bladder cancer patients have at least one reoccurrence. The relation in the midst of bladder cancer and carcinogenic substances is one of the most clearly demonstrated links between environmental exposures and cancer. The good news is the bladder cancer is in all probability a completely preventable disease, if exposure to the carcinogenic substances is limited or eradicated. References Bladder Cancer. (2008).Retrieved 30 January, 2009, from Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research nett site http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/bladder-cancer/DS00177 General nurture about Bladder Cancer. (2008). Retrieved 30 January, 2009, from National Cancer Institute Web site http//www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/types/bladder Health Information Bladder Cancer. (2008). Retrieved 30 January, 2009, from University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinic Authority Web site http//apps. uwhealth. org/health/adam/hie/1/000486. htm

What Can Indivuduals Do to Help Protect Environment and Why?

Environment Tables of ContentsIntroduction The environment is defined as exclusively the elements (biotic or abiotic) that milieu an individual or species, some of which directly contribute to support herself one, or as all inborn conditions (physical, chemical, biological) and cultural (sociological) can act on brisk organisms and human activities.The twenty-first century, environmental comfortion has be seminal fluid a major issue, along with the idea of necessary degradation of both global and local, beca manipulation of human pollution. The deliverance of the environment is one of the three pillars of sustainable development. It is also the seventh of the eight Millennium Development, considered by the UN as crucial to the success of the other objectives outlined in the Declaration of the Millennium Summit. Protecting the environment is preserved and the future survival of humanity.Indeed, the environment is our denotation of feed and drinking water. Air is our source of oxygen. The temper allows our survival. And biodiversity is a potential reservoir of drug. Preserving the environment is a matter of survival. In fact in this report we go away talk about why defend the environment is important and secondly we will see how we can suffice to protect the environment. Protect the environment, why is it important? Protecting the environment is important for our lives, for a healthy lifestyle but also to the development of the species because there is still much to discover.That is why the protection of the environment is important, now, we will see now by dint of food, style climate and other points of how the protect the environment is essential. * Everything we eat and drink comes from nature. Or any pollution ends up one day in our food in the water we drink or what we eat. And these pollutants can cause us to develop diseases or malformations. Protect our food source is to preserve the survival and accordingly the future of humanity. * The billet is absolutely essential to our survival. We cannot survive more than a few minutes without breathing.The air brings oxygen fuel cells. But breathing, we do not inhale that of oxygen. We absorb a lot of other things. With each breath, we inhale gases and particles that ar in the atmosphere. Some of these gases and particles are harmful to our bodies. With each inspiration, we take a bit of poison. Breathing then puts our health at risk and makes us sick. While breathing should only be keep us alive. Protecting air quality is the health and therefore the future of humanity. * Our societies have ways of life adapted to current climate.If the climate changes, our societies will not fit there. Some regions will suffer serious disorders. According to the parts of the world, there will be a rise in the water, droughts, and floods repeated, severe storms These disasters will flee or pass populations. People will have to move or change their lifestyle. Conflicts break out to live in areas spared. Flora and fauna will evolve with the ever-changing climate. Some plants will no longer be appropriate. Local agriculture will be affected. Parasites will spread to new areas, spreading disease to humans, plants and animals.We are already beginning to see that the overall temperature of the Earth increases. And this change is extremely fast. Nature will not have time to adapt. The current balance is upset. sure not to damage the environment is to preserve the delicate balance of the Earth and therefore the future of humanity. * Biodiversity is the variety of plant and animal species in nature. All these species mustiness be respected and preserved. But all these species are also necessary for the survival and future of man. Plants and animals can contribute to our health.For it is among the wildlife, sometimes unknown, that man has yet discovered or discovers drugs. These are also the wildlife that can help our agriculture. They can help improve performance and dise ase resistance of our plantations or our farms. Nature is a source of future discoveries and solutions to our problems. It would be suicidal to destroy all that before they could benefit. Preserving biodiversity is to save a tank of future solutions to our problems. That safeguards the future of humanity. What can individuals do to help protect environment?Become more environmentally friendly is not as difficult as we might think. There are small things we can do every day to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and our negative impact on the environment. Every action and every thought, action is environmentally friendly. fondness for the Earth is a responsibility, a privilege or a treat of citizens Elements to return to the Developer in the previous section, we will see how man can help the environment. * For the food we must therefore ensure that nature produces a water and healthy food in sufficient quantity.For this, we must avoid polluting the soil and seas. * For the air we sh ould not carelessly dismiss or distribution of chemicals in excess. We must be careful not to pollute our atmosphere. * For the climate we must not rule in it harmful gases or particles dangerous to life. We have to limit our impact on climate by reducing our emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. For our air emissions accentuate the natural greenhouse effect that contributes to heat our planet. For this, we must ensure in particular to limit our energy consumption. For the biodiversity we must prevent the destruction of natural areas. We need to protect endangered species. There are also others simples way to preserve our environment. We can help reduce pollution just by putting our plastic bottles in a different tray. If we hesitate about the choice between two products, it is preferable to one with less packaging. Considering a building with 7000 employees that recycle all their botch up paper for a year, this represents the equivalent of 400 cars off the roads. A simple motto The best waste is that it did not produce Turn off the lights git us, turn off the computer (and monitor) when we do not have the utility, TV also, use compact fluorescent bulbs or LED the best rather than tralatitious bulbs. The standby power consumption (stand-by) devices using a current transformer (television, computer, halogen lamps) are not negligible and a power strip with switch can entirely disconnect the devices when they are not used. Simple gestures, but very effective on our power consumption. The dryer (dryer) is not always essential.Enjoy the summer heat and eminent winds of autumn to dry our clothes (the sun is also the best stain remover and bleach for clothes ). It is good not to let the water run all the time while we brush our teeth. If we have a toilet that continuously allowed flowing a little water, it may be several tens of litters of water per day. The use of modern toilets (or toilet bio litter) provides, without odor, water savings even greater and pro vides rewarding compost our waste. Conclusion In fact, to leave for our children tomorrow, a world livable, breathable and clean, we must cacography early with them to make them understand.Do not throw paper wanders by, turning off lights, do not waste water. All this in 3 / 4 days children understand And then, ourselves, have more responsible attitudes and do not always rely on others to make savings (gas and transportation, sorting, paper everywhere. Every detail is important, and drop-by-drop, we come to a Wed. References (Reynaud, 2011), Sustainable development in the heart of the company (Managment, 2011), Management, Environmental (Milton, 2011), The environment site (Smouts, 2011), Sustainable Development (Baddache, 2011), Sustainable development on a daily basis

Review of Literature on Employ Satisfaction

Attention Nadeem Yousaf Students zero(prenominal)een OrcineP12094955 Robert Ngu P11015920 Federico ColomboP12094924 Prakash Regmi P12094665 Sanjay Maharjan P12085525 Dewan Rahman P12094756 Philippe Colas P12094742 Course conjure up MSc. International Business and care 2013 Module nameOperations and humane Resource Management (Evening Class) Module CodeCORP 5041 Assignment Group Critical Analysis Project Theme Key portions of employee delight and its impacts to confederacy success.Word Count 2917 words Articles Reviewed The Impact of Age and Education on the Level of happiness and demand Among Employees Employee satisfaction, intrapreneurship and firm growing a model rail line satisfaction and fictional character precaution an empirical analysis ruminate expiation in Public Sector and closed-door Sector and hush-hush Sector A Comparison The effects of commitment to unified vision on employee satisfaction with their cheek Implementing tint Management Practices witho ut Sacrificing Employee SatisfactionThe relationship Between Pay satisfaction & art Satisfaction Table of Contents 1. 0 Introduction3 2. 0 Stimuli of Employee Satisfactions and Impact3 2. 1 Effects of Commitment to Corporate view on Employee Satisfaction4 2. 2 Pay Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction5 2. 3 Impacts of Age and Level of Education in Employee Satisfaction5 2. 4 Intrapreneurship and Firm Growth as a Factor of Job Satisfaction6 2. 5 Relationship surrounded by Quality Management and Job Satisfaction7 2. 6 Comparison of employee satisfaction among Public and Private Sectors8 . 0 Comparison, contradiction and Evaluation9 4. 0 Conclusion13 5. 0 References15 APPENDIX 119 1. 0 Introduction It is widely accepted that the employees rail line satisfaction is one of the most important elements of achieving success for an organization. In todays organization, where company call forership is transforming from traditional styles to more than collaborative style (Christensen, 2009) , employee satisfaction is being given due consideration based on the concept of happy people brings happy customers and harvest-tide (Blanchard, 2004).Though De Menezes (2012) found that the dividing line satisfaction among employees have a suck up and consistent connection to companys productivity, only Schein (1995) believes management has over time pondered on best practices that increases productivity and with numerous theories, espoused on the signifi ejectce of people in organization, very few managers recognize employees as capital investment not as a cost to be controlled and minimized. In this paper galore(postnominal) influencing factors of employee satisfaction will be analyzed combined with their affects to organizational success. . 0 Stimuli of Employee Satisfactions and Impact There be more factors that somehow intrinsically and extrinsically keep engagement in the process of employees play satisfaction. Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene theory identifies satisfie rs or motivator factors as achievement, quotation, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth, on the early(a) hand, dissatisfiers or hygiene factors as company policy, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relationship at work, salary and benefits, and job security (Gitman et al 2008).Moreover, gibe to Lavigna (2010) De Menezes (2012) factors such as commitment to corporate vision, leadership, work life balance, training and education, participatory management and employee empowerment potently contribute to employee satisfaction. This literature will be investigate and analyzing the factors such as age, take aim of education, intrapreneurship, pay satisfaction, feature management, commitment to corporate vision and aspect of public and private sphere of influences. 2. Effects of Commitment to Corporate Vision on Employee Satisfaction The mission and vision statement of a company gives a sense of purpose, values, and behavioral standards and increases emp loyees focus on organizational strategy and steering (Slack et. al, 2010). While ascertaining employee satisfaction, companies need to show commitment by being effective, and show continuance commitment by encouraging workers to be attached emotionally to companys values (Allen et al. , 1997).And to measure satisfaction in an organization, management commitment to achieving results motivates employees to perform better, according to Slack et al. (2010), henceforth commitment of organizations and employee satisfaction have a positive relationship with promise. There ar two strong connections with employee satisfaction relating to employee rating of the company based on how committed it is to its philosophy of caring, sharing, trust and approve and the ability of the company to compete with variants. This was supported by Meglino et al. (1998) by stating that the relationship mingled with effective communication, worker satisfaction and the level in which values and views of emp loyees corresponds with each(prenominal) other creates an atmosphere of understanding a corporation that leads to improved performance and productivity among satisfied employees. 2. 2 Pay Satisfaction and Job Satisfaction several(prenominal)(predicate) people have assorted views on the source of their motive to work. Here we find antithetic contradictory results while one study suggests level of income increases the level of satisfaction and the other study finds no satisfactory correlations or different view of incomes importance.Some find job as a source of identity, but sometimes money actually is the greenly cited reason (Hulin, 2002 cited in Judge, et al. , 2010). Money empennagenot ensure the subjective well-being or happiness as finding shows that a lottery winner is no happier than before they won the lottery (Brickman, et al. , 1978 cited in Judge, et al. , (2010). Contradictorily, another report suggests that the richest Ameri targets atomic number 18 happier than descend ones (Cummins, 2000 Diener et al. , 1985 as cited in Judge et al. , 2010) and average Americans are happier than poor Americans.Overall it is assumed that, pay level is positively but not significantly correlated with both pay satisfaction and job satisfactions. 2. 3 Impacts of Age and Level of Education in Employee Satisfaction Satisfaction expresses the level of agreements between the expectations of a worker from his job and the reward that the job provides (Paul, 2012). Now, how does a factor like age affect the level of employee satisfaction? Kristin et al. (2004) cited in Paul (2012) found that the overall job satisfaction decreases after the age of 45perceptions of management fairness and problem resolution also decrease with age.It is generally believed that job satisfaction increases linearly with age (Clark et al, 1996). Paul (2012) discovered that age influences the level of motif among employees, for instance, younger employees felt more motivated to extra wo rk, while older employees were slight eager to do so. Level of education is also one of the factors that can power the way employee satisfaction is perceived. Paul (2012) stated that the level of motivation also varies with the educational qualification of the employees for example, employees who have only matriculated were the most motivated just about ork and taking extra work, on the other hand the most qualified employees of the organization were the most unwilling to take extra work, in comparison to the less educated ones. This finding is enriched by Metle (2001) and said that the job satisfaction declines with increasing levels of education. 2. 4 Intrapreneurship and Firm Growth as a Factor of Job Satisfaction Entrepreneurs within the organization are, in fact, the valuable assets in terms of companys growth and thither is a direct relationship between intrapreneurship and job satisfaction in the context of productivity and growth, according to Antoncic et al. 2012), when k ey factors such as the level of employees general satisfaction with work, employee relationships, employee remunerations, benefits and organizational culture and employee loyalty are put to play together. An organization whose values and interest corresponds to that of employees needs, generally has a high employee satisfaction rate as reflected in the attraction selection rubbing model (ASA) which states that, people in an organization are unique in that they are the ones attracted to, chosen by, and who choose to remain with an organization (Lievens et al. 1995).Employees of such caliber are a true competitive advantage of the company (Antoncic et al. , 2011). Intrapreneurs are considered to be entrepreneurs in an organization. It is the outcome of firms pursuing new opportunities through a gradual freeing from the customary by encouraging employees to be innovative. To show how employee satisfaction result in growth, Shaw et al. (1998) as cited in Antoncic et al. (2011) examine d practices where management instills the possibility of education and training, adequate pay, benefits, countenance high level of motivation, and the willingness of employees to invest in their own knowledge and skills.This results to employee satisfactions that in turn increases performance, and contributes to company growth therefore, job satisfaction and performance are strongly related as they both result to growth of the company (Antoncic et al. , 2011). 2. 5 Relationship between Quality Management and Job Satisfaction Employee satisfaction and quality management are thought to be correlated to some extent. Previous query studies on employee job satisfaction have ndeavored to find link between quality management and job satisfaction for instance, Akdere (2009) cited in De Menezes (2012) found that customer satisfaction, which is the ultimate goal of quality management, is strongly associated with employee job satisfaction. Though number of research have been carried out in p ast to find this relationship yet there are mixed results. concord to Guimareas (1996) cited in Mehra et al (2011), implementing a check Quality Management program resulted in high job satisfaction, more job involvement, large organizational commitment and change magnitude desire to stay in the firm.On the other hand, there are some other important aspects of quality management like cost decrement and increased productivity that can form up employee and consequently might bring dissatisfaction to work. This argument was supported by Green (2006), Landsbergis et al. (1999) and Parker (2003) as cited in De Menezes (2012) and they said, Performance gains may be achieved at the spending of employee well-being. Moreover, Kivimaki et al (1997) cited in Mehra et al (2011) has also said that adopting Total Quality Management in an organization leads to decreased job satisfaction.Therefore, the total quality management of an organization can actually sometimes become the reason for not supporting employees to enjoy their work, however, Total Quality Management can be achieved in an organization without achieving complete employee satisfaction, for example, De Menezes (2012) found that there is no positive association between quality management and employee job satisfaction in many British workplaces in 2004.Total Quality Management is a management philosophy not a short term program or intervention grazing that can be applied to organization across industries, cultures and nations but there should also be adjustment in Total Quality Management according to the structure of firms, strategy and environmental conditions to ensure that the employees are satisfied (Rungtusanatham et al, 2005 as cited in Mehra et al 2011). 2. 6 Comparison of employee satisfaction between Public and Private SectorsPublic and private sectors provide scopes in different ways, making it difficult to be pro or against the two very different administration forms. The Public sector is said t o be more divided than organized due to the various sub divisions included in the operation of the public sector and this division creates a problem in the long run in contrast the Private Sector is also divided, yet it is divided into departments, which work closely with each other and have a coherent working structure (Kumari et al. 2011). Overall it can be said that while the the public sector has maintained the existing as well as the creation of new jobs throughout a recession, as the private sector significantly has significantly been cutting jobs since the dawn of the 2008 recession (Zuckerman, 2011). So, it can be understood that the Public sector jobs are generally more stable compared to the private sector, and this factor contributes to both positive and negative perceived job satisfaction in these two sectors.There are also different motivational reasons behind the employees plectron of sector in which he or she wishes to work, and there are different expectations to be met by each sector in order to insure the employees ultimate job satisfaction. For example, Kumari et al. (2011) found that socio-economic and cultural structures of a country essentially lead citizens perception of job satisfaction in both public and private sectors. 3. 0 Comparison, contradiction and EvaluationMany studies previously done by several researchers found that the satisfaction among employees has clear and consistent connection to the companys productivity and eventually the success of an organization largely depends on employee satisfaction (Hsu and Wang, 2008 Culbertson, 2009 and Korunka et al, 2003 as cited in De Menezes, 2012). In addition to that, Gregory (2011) has also identified that employee satisfaction is essential to the success of any business.For example, American budget airlines South-west Airlines, one of the most systematically successful airlines in the history of aviation, implies that employee satisfaction is one of the key components of its past , present, and future success (Cardy et al 2011). Although, many academics have found a correlation between employee satisfaction and organizational performance, there has been an opposition to this view and that has called for an extensive study, as employee satisfaction has little or no influence in the performance of an organization in certain industries.For example Ryanair, an European budget airlines, made financial gains without giving much attention to its employee the high employee turnover at Ryanair points to the dissatisfaction that the employees are experiencing and the common complaints of employees leaving Ryanair is the oppressive work environment and practices, low pay and the lack of training and development programs for employees (Thinking Bookworm, 2012). This argument was appreciated by Mathieu et al (1990) as cited in Yee et al. (2008), where it was said that the employee satisfaction has little direct influence on business performance in most instances.From the perspective of strategic operations management, Fisher at al. (1992) cited in Yee at al (2008) stated that employee satisfaction is not achieved without a cost, in a view of that fact, reducing expenses on employees is a viable choice for achieving operation efficiency. As reflected by De Menezes (2012), in which he ascertains that some aspect of total quality management such as cost reduction and increased productivity can stress up employee and consequently might bring dissatisfaction to work. This would mean that employee satisfaction and operation efficiency are inversely correlated.However, Mehra and Ranganathan (2011) suggest that implementing total quality management can have positive affect in job satisfaction if components like employee empowerment, teamwork, top management commitment can be developed within the organization. In the public sector, however, training and personal development was found to be the most important factor on employee satisfaction as training of h ands provides various benefits to organizations such as fewer production errors, increased productivity, decreased turnover and improved safety (Turkyilmaz, 2011).So it is true that, investment on employees training can also be fruitful to operation efficiency. When it is about the pay satisfaction it is said that high pay does not always lead to job satisfaction. Mondrow (2011), states that, pay may help to determine if an applicant accepts a job offer, but salary has little effect on ones job satisfaction. An item-by-item can be satisfied with the amount of pay he/she is receiving but intrinsic rewards and culture-fit have been found to be better predictors of job satisfaction.Pay will not motivate employees and human resource professionals need to ensure that managers comprehend this. High level of pay does not ensure the happiness or satisfaction among employees as job satisfaction focus rather on culture and reward systems (Mondrow, 2011). To compare with Facebook, Google has paid lower wages to its employees but providing vast benefits had caused employees to accept reduction on their wages because it provides them job satisfaction fostering by company culture whereas Facebook is found with less employees satisfaction though the level of pay is pretty higher(prenominal) (Huffingpost 2012).However, Pelit et al. , (2011) has said that though the unfair pay can be a negative aspect of employee satisfaction but correlation and regression analyses signal that psychological and behavioral empowerment has a significant effect on job satisfaction, and the effect is much greater when psychological and behavioral empowerment are taken as a whole. To prove the importance of empowerment in the companys success Eesley et al. 2006) has said that intrapreneurship is the practice of creating new business products and opportunities in an organization through proactive empowerment and intrapreneurship is propelled by an individuals or a teams willingness to take calcul ated risks and act to create business opportunities that serve an organizations needs for growth and improvement.The development of entrepreneurial activities and orientations in the organization are principally persuaded with the elements of employee satisfaction like general satisfaction with work employee relationships remuneration, benefits and organizational culture and employee loyalty (Antoncic et al. , 2011). According to De Meneze (2012) it is anticipated that organizations where the work force is more satisfied will show higher levels of commitment to corporate vision, less absenteeism and a productive work force.On the other hand, in an interview (Appendix 1) Andersen said, I dont necessarily need a satisfied work force, because satisfied work force is just sit and time lag around, and eventually theyll be leaving. Here I want somebody who is hungry, eager, jumps out of the bed in the morning and rush to work to do a good job. So in practical situations, organizations are not really pleased in having just satisfied employees, theyre akin to employees showing acuteness and desire to come to work for success.Earlier studies by Brown et al (1993) cited in Yee et al (2008) have also found that there is no clear relationship between employees satisfaction and performance. However, it is reasonable to think that in certain industries, where there is direct contact with customers, the relation of employee satisfaction to companys success can be higher (Yee at al. 2008). For instance, studies by Wan (2006) in the U. S. forest products industry have shown that there were differences in job satisfaction of the employees across the different levels of income, occupation and age.Moreover, education and gender had no significant effects on job satisfaction. No evidence was found that higher levels of education were related to higher job satisfaction. 4. 0 Conclusion The correlation between employee satisfaction and different factors like age group and educat ion level, entrepreneurship, quality management, public and private sector, corporate vision and pay satisfaction has been analyzed to evaluate the effect of job satisfaction in companys success.Based on the research findings it is clear that there is positive affects in job satisfaction but it can be highly influenced by certain aspects like top management commitment, leadership style, motivation factors, organizational culture and external environment. Likewise, this literature found that employee satisfaction has shown to be a key success factor to most organizations. It is well documented that the more satisfied employees are, the more motivated they feel to perform at work, and ultimately reach companys goals leading to corporate success.Motivational factors such as recognition of work, opportunity for advancement, professional growth and responsibility will remain the guiding principles of any firm that aims to achieve a personal growth and stability. However, it is still obs cure how relevant employee satisfaction is to bring success in certain circumstances or industries. Also, private and public sectors showed considerable differences in the level of overall job satisfaction that they derived from the facets of their jobs like motivational factors working conditions promotional opportunities relationship with co-workers and job security.Some researchers have found that the correlation between employee satisfaction and an organizational performance do not always go hand in hand. As economies around the world encounter uncertainty in global markets and companies try to find different ways to reduce cost, which in many cases have resulted in the reduction of the work force. This has resulted dissatisfaction among the employees in various level. Nevertheless, this generation of unsatisfied employees has not yet shown clear repercussions in organization success.Although this topic can be controversial, which generalize the scope of further research to unde rstand how satisfied employees could lead to business success, and comprehend how different factors have higher influence on employee satisfaction. 5. 0 References Allen, N. J. , Meyer, J. P. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace Theory, Research and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Antoncic J. A, Antoncic, B. (2011) Employee Satisfaction, Intrapreneurship and Firm Growth A Model. Industrial Management and Data System, Vol. 111 (4), p. 589-607 Blanchard, O. 2004) Happy Employees=Happy Customers, The Brand Builder Blog Blog 13 October 2005. purchasable at http//thebrandbuilder. blogspot. dk/2005/10/happy-employees-happy-customers. html Accessed on seventeenth March 2013 Cardy, R. L. and Leonard, B. (2011) Performance Management Concepts, Skills, and Exercises. Second Edition. New York M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Christensen, T. W. , 2009. Crisis leadership A study of Leadership Practice, Capella University. Clark, A, Oswald, A, and Warr, P. (1996) is job satisfaction U-shaped in age? Onli ne Available at http//iweb. swufe. edu. cn/jiarui/Management_Resources/ Accessed on 13th March 2013De Menezes, L. M. (2012) Job satisfaction and quality management an empirical analysis. International Journal of Operations Production Management, 32(3), pp. 308-328. Eesley, D. T. and Longenecker, C. O. (2006). Gateways to Intrapreneurship. Industrial Management,48(1), pp. 18-23,5. Gitman, L. J. McDaniel, C. D. (2008) The afterlife of Business the essentials. 4th Edition. Mason South-Western Cengage Learning. Gregory, K. (2011), The Importance of Employee Satisfaction. Available at http//www. neumann. edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review2011/gregory. df Accessed on 15th March 2013 Huffingpost, (2012) Google trumps Facebook in employees satisfaction, Glassdor survey finds (INFOGRAPHIC). Online Available at http//www. huffingtonpost. com/ Accessed on 19th March 2013 Judge, T. A. , Piccolo, R. F. , Podsakoff, J. C. , Rich, B. L. (2010). The Relationships between Pay Satisf action and Job Satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 157-167. Kumari, G. and Pandey, K. M. (2011) Job Satisfaction in Public Sector and Private Sector A Comparison, International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, Vol. , No. 3, pp. 222-228. Lavigna, B. (2010) Driving Performance by Building Employee Satisfaction and Engagement. Government Finance Review, 26(1), pp. 51-53. Lieven, F. , Decaesteker, C. , Coetsier, P. and Geirnaert, J. , (2001). organizational attractiveness for prospective applicants a person organisation fit perspective. Applied Psychology An International Review,50(1), pp. 30-51. Mehra, S. and Ranganathan, S. (2011) Implementing quality management practices without sacrificing employee satisfaction. Production and Inventory Management Journal, Vol. 47, No. , 2011, pp69-79. Metle, M. K. (2001). Education, job satisfaction and gender in Kuwait. International journal of human resource management,12(2), pp. 311-332. Mondrow, I. (2011) The re lationship between pay and job Satisfaction A meta-analysis of the literature. Imondrow. blogspot. dk, emplacement of Industrial/organizational psychology, Blog 23 Jan, Available at http//imondrow. blogspot. dk/ Accessed on 19th March 2013 Paul, T. (2012), The Impact of Age and Education on the Level of Satisfaction and Motivation Among Employees, IUP Journal of Management Research, Vol.XI No. 1 Peccei, R. and Lee, H. , 2005. The Impact of Gender Similarity on Employee Satisfaction at Work A Review and Re-Evaluation. Journal of Management Studies,42(8), pp. 1571-1592 Pelit, E. , Yuksel, O. and Yalcin A. , 2011. The effects ofemployee empowermenton employee job satisfaction. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,23(6), pp. 784-802. Ravlin, E. and Meligno, B. (1998) Individual Values in Organization Concepts, Controversies and Research. Journal of Management, 24 (3), p. 351-389. Schein, E. H. 1995) human race Resouse Practices in Organisational Transformation Are They Culture Specific? In Mit sloan school of management, NDU-MIT annual conference. Singapore 1995. Slack, F. , Orife, J. N. , Anderson, F. (2010) Effects of Commitment to Corporate Vision on Employee Satisfaction with their Organization An Empirical Study in the United States. International Journal of Management, 27 (3) Thinking Bookworm (2012) Management of Human and Organizational Resources. Online Available at http//thinkingbookworm. typepad. com/ Accessed on 18th March 2013 Turkyilmaz, A. , Akman, G. , Ozkan, C. nd Pastuszak, Z. , 2011. Empirical study of public sector employee loyalty and satisfaction. Industrial Management + Data Systems, 111(5), pp. 675-696. Wan, Z. , L. E. Leightley. 2006. Job satisfaction and workforce demographics A longitudinal study of the U. S. forest products industry. Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Research Bulletin FP 362, Mississippi State University. 7 pp. Yee, R. W. Y. , Yeung, A. C. L. , Cheng, T. C. E. (2008), The Impact of Employee Satisfaction on Quality and Profitability in High-contact Service Industries. Journal of Operationsl Management, 26, p 651-658Zuckerman, M. B. , 2011. The Great Jobs Recession Goes On. U. S. News World Report,pp. 1 APPENDIX 1 Transcription of Interview Jakob Lyngso Andersen, 2013, FLSmidth Human Resource Group Manager Interview on Employee Satisfaction, Interviewed by Noreen S. Orcine (Personal), Valby, 14th March We have of what we call a pretty engaged work force. true-blue and committed, and thats what counts. I dont necessarily need a satisfied work force, because satisfied work force is you know, is just sitting and waiting around or theyll be gone. They need complaints. Here I want something or somebody

Macbeth suffers a terrible downfall – Who is to blame? Is it all his fault? Is he truly evil?

In the courseing periodMacbeth, Macbeth suffers a terrible downfall. At the begining of the play he is fearless and brave he doesnt have a care in the world but by the end he has become profane and a fearful, tretorous humankind.At first we dont see Macbeth we only hear about him all we know at the begining is that he is in battle fighting the norwegians and on board him is Banquo his dearest friend. The king discribes him as Brave Macbeth for his fighting shows he is brave as well as fearless so later in the play for this he is rewarded Thane of Glamis.Along the way homewe hear about the 3 witches or as Macbeth calls them The Instruments Of Darkness, Macbeth and Banquorun into them and they give Macbeth 3 predictions which are1)He Becomes Thane of Cawdor2)He Becomes Thane of Glamis3)He Becomes KingHe does non belive it but he is already Thane of Cawdor and anyone would know that. After hearing this Banquo askes about him and the witches say that he will not be king himself but his children or childrens children will be, both Macbeth and Banquo are intrigued by what they have herd but when Macbeth askes to know more the witches vanish. This shows that these witches started everything off as you will see when the story moves on.When Macbeth arives guts at his camp a messenger brings the news that he has become Thane of Glamis which was the witches second prediction. Glad to hear the news the witches brang him as well as change state Thane of Glamis, Macbth writes his wife (Lady Macbeth) a letter telling her what has happened, as Lady Macbeth reads the letter she builds up an idea in her head. By the time she had finished reading it she had a plan to make Macbeth king. This plan was to murder The king in his sleep and make it look like the guards did it by placeing the production liney knifes on them.When Macbeth hears of this plan in his head he thinks to himself should i or should i not kill the king he doent know weather to be loyal to his king or to h is wife. In the end he decides to choose his wifeand go through with the murder. As he is walking to the kings chamber he sees a floating knife in his way which he things is a sign to go through with it (or is it a sign of guilt?) then blood appears on the knife and he knows what to do he murders The king. The murder was not shown on stage because the King/Queen always came to see shakespears plays and if they see themselfs getting murdered they might think that someones plotting against them. Macbeth to a fault kills the guards so he has less chance of creation found out.Lady Macbeth acts as if it can be forgotten she tells Macbeth to wash his hands clean of the blood and he will never be cought. In the morning when the king is discovered Macbeth tries to cover up his tracks Loyal, and neutral, in a moment No man, the picnic of my violent love this is what Macbeth says when the guards are dicovered he said that he killed them in anger after finding out about the murder of The ki ng. Lady Macbeth faints to egest attenchion away from Macbeth. When the air to the throne finds out the king is dead flees to another country.The killing of Banquo is a simple thing to explain, Macbeth has him killed because of the witches predictions. He believes that Banquos children or childrens children will collect over his throne so he has him killed BUT his son Fleaunce escapes.When Macbeth orders the killing of Macduffs family it is so dreadful because he wants Macduff dead not his family. I think that he has hem killed so thatMacduff is corupted and gives himself up.At the end of the play Macbeth changes totally in personallity and everything. From Starting of as brave, fearless Macbeth to feaful Macbeth. He believes he is invinsable that he can not be killed but he soon finds out that he is wrong.Macbeths weak points in this story were his wife, the witches and his conchance. Killing the king was his own choise but is wife excessively played a big part in killing him te lling Macbeth He wasnt a man if he didnt go though with it he also believed it was what he had to do after seeing the floating dagger covered in blood.EVIL evil is a man whom kills his king, evil is a man who kills his best friend, evil is a man who kills someone elses wife and childrenI believe that Macbeth is infact evil for what he did to his king, best frend and Macduffs family. In the begining i dont think he would have even dreamt of doing such a thing but after hearing the witches predictions he changes, his heart turns black and all he cares about is being King of Scotland that was his goal and as far as he was concerned nothing was going to stop him by getting in his way

How Effective Is Cooling Down

?How useful is perspiration at cooling you down? DC The temperature of to each(prenominal) one rivulet tube that contains water which had different conditions that was mensurable each minute Temperature (0. 05 C) Minute Dry Dry/Windy puckish Wet/Windy 1 77 82 70 76 2 75 80 64 70 3 72 76 59 65 4 69 73 55 60 5 67 71 53 57 6 65 68 50 53 7 64 66 48 51 8 63 64 46 48 9 61 61 44 46 10 59 60 42 44 11 58 58 41 43 12 56 56 40 41 13 55 55 39 40 14 54 53 38 38 15 53 52 37 37 (All number is put into adept whole number) DCPThe constituent commute of the temperature of each test tube that contains water which had different conditions that was measured each minute + average per centumage change Percentage change in temperature (0. 5 %) Trials Dry Dry/Windy Wet Wet/Windy 1 27 34 31 67 2 31 37 47 51 3 29 60 4 34 32 61 75 5 37 42 52 62 6 31 53 7 35 41 57 63 8 29 39 53 60 9 35 38 61 70 10 37 43 57 54 11 30 36 52 60 Average 32 38 53 62 (All number is put into one whole number) Calculations Perc entage Change in temperature (Final-Initial)/Final x 100 = % change Initial selective information chosen Dry Final=53, initial=79. 9-53/79 x 100 = 33% Average percent change in temperature The sum of all percent changes in temperature for run wry / the number of percentages 27 + 31 + 29 + 34 + 37 + 31 + 35 + 29 + 35 + 37 + 30/11 = -32% average percent change in temperature Conclusion The experiment was designed to investigate how sweating is effective on cooling you down. Four test tubes containing water that was all in different conditions of one macrocosm a normal test tube covered in publisher, the same but was pursy with a fan, a alter test tube covered in newspaper and the same one that was blown with a fan.For fifteen minutes, the temperature of the water in the test tube is measured every minute. The results above obligate shown that the test tube that was covered with dry newspapers percentage change is not that grand from the original to the final temperature, as it is only 32%. As wind is blown to the same dry newspaper test tube, the percentage change of the temperature increase, universe 38%. When it comes to the test tube covered with the wet newspaper the percentage change increase much more with a 53 % change. The highest percentage change, with 62% is the test tube that was covered with wet newspaper and blown by the wind.In theory, as our corpse heats up over the normal temperature, our body senses that there is an increase in heat, therefore it releases heat as sweat to cool us down. This is monitored by a part of our brain called the hypothalamus which monitors the temperature of riptide in our body. The hypothalamus sends signals when our blood temperature increases or decreases. It sends signals because there is a change in levels, this called negative feedback. The signals sent is then carried by neurons to some other parts of the body, this process happens by the arterials being widen, which then will make the blood flow thr ough with(predicate) our skin.Consequently, our shunt vessels will close the blood will then transfer heat from our body issue to the skin. Thus the temperature of our skin will increase, which then eventually cause our body to sweat. Based on the results that were obtained from the data were similar to the theory, when our body is wet, the temperature changes and decreases more. Similar from the data above, the wet newspaper had a 53% changed compared to 32% dry newspaper. This indicates that when our body is wet, there is a higher chance of a larger percentage change than being dry.Same, when the wind blows to the newspaper, it made it faster for the temperature to return normal. Furthermore, the Standard Deviation error bars are not too far apart to the column thus it shows that my data is fairly accurate. Evaluation Limitations Why? ghost The different initial temperature of water Because the water that was poured into the test tube had different temperatures at the start, th e change in temperature of each test tube arent constant By boiling the water in a specific temperature, so that when it is poured the temperature will be the same The layering of newspaper for each test tubeWhen the layering of the newspaper is thick, it will keep the test tube slow down the rate of changing temperature, with a keep down newspaper, it will be faster Keep the newspaper layering at the same thickness, make sure each test tube is covered in the same amount of layers Difficult to tell the temperature through the test tube/newspaper Because we cant raise the thermometer up, there was a difficulty in practice session it, as it was covered by the newspaper, so then we had to guess sometimes By layering it with something more translucent, so that it will be easier to see The different distance of the fanAs there was no standards for the length of distance of the fan to the test tube, the percentage change will not be precise By making the distance from the fan to the te st tube a control, thus having the same distance for each

Swot Analysis: Javanet Internet Cafe

SWOT summary JavaNet Internet coffeehouse Business Overview JavaNet Internet Cafe is to be the first luxuriously tech meshing cafe in Eugene, Oregon. The cafe entrust provide ready reckoner equipment, as well as high speed profit approaching as well as coffee tree bean and bakery items. The appeal of this telephoner is to provide advanced internet works to the exoteric that may not be affordable in basis use. Also, the business plan includes a training staff to assist new internet users in learning the basics of the internet.The goal of this plan is to provide an upscale social and educational environment for those who go for internet access as well as social interaction and technical assistance. Strengths JavaNet has sought tabu a knowledgeable staff who ar eager to teach internet basics to new users. They hold in leveraged state of the art equipment which will appeal to users who may not be able to afford the opera hat equipment in their home or office. The compan y will tender a higher-class environment than other coffee houses or internet cafes.The amenities will include hard wood tables and booths, track lighting, local art, and upscale coffee house equipment. The business appears to give way sufficient capital from grants and investors to maintain operations for the first year. The miniature scale of the business requires only a small staff, and the business model appropriately includes the necessary management. The commercialise segments are accurately identified as a split between new internet users, and the more than experienced power users. The business plan includes appropriate services for both segments.The marketing plan is hard-hitting for this type of business. Local advertisement and newspaper ads will be appropriate for the local scale of the business. Weaknesses bid any other technology based company, JavaNet is heavily dependent on a rapidly changing market. Computer technology, to include hardware and software as wel l as the users evolve very quickly. musical composition computer technology may require the most attention in a dual service business such as this one, the other half should not be neglected. It seems as though not enough thought has gone to the coffee shop aspect of the business.In order to be warring with the high volume of coffee shops in Eugene, a staff who is knowledgeable and trained in fashioning and serving specialty drinks will also be necessary. Opportunities Since this business was to open in 1998, the demand for public internet access was high. In Eugene, Oregon, JavaNet would be the first cafe to offer internet access as well as specialty coffee. There are several high end coffee suppliers in the region and wholesale cost for quality coffee beans is relatively low compared to resale value.The demand for gourmet coffee is high, and should do well with the quickly growing interest in internet access. At the time, in 1998, home internet access was not affordable for eve ryone, and the dial up services were certainly not as fast as the T2 connections being offered by JavaNet. Access to new and expensive Software applications would be acquirable to customers that would not normally be available unless the person had access to an office or school computer lab. Threats The greatest threat to this business plan may be offering services that are benevolent enough to bring customers from their home to the cafe.As technology advances, the cost of ownership for high tech work out and internet equipment goes down. The equipment that is available in the cafe may soon be available for home purchase at an affordable cost. Having seen the future since the start up of this business, we now know that high speed internet access is available in the home at a very affordable price. Many larger, mainstream regimen franchises now offer wi-fi (high speed wireless internet access) in their establishments.McDonalds and Starbucks are two of the first companies to offer free wi-fi in almost all of their United States locations. For JavaNet to remain successful and competitive, the owners and staff must continually modify and evolve their business plan to be one step ahead of the services that are offered for in-home use. In 1998, a high speed internet connection along with laser printing and access to popular software, such as Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Office applications were not affordable to many for home use. ex years later, most of these items are commonplace in the home. Another threat will be competitor from similar businesses. While JavaNet may be at the front of the Cybercafe wave in Eugene, similar businesses will be starting in the near future. The owners and operators must be able to foresee the competition and have the ingenuity to offer cutting edge services that are not available from the competition. References Internet Cafe Business Plan. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 18th, 2009, from http//www. bplans. com/internet_cafe_business_ plan/executive_summary_fc. cfm

Human Relations Case Study

Human Relations Human relations keep be defined as a study of group behavior for the purpose of improving interpersonal and social relationships in litigate environment. In order to improve work productivity, achieve no-hit teamwork and construe the importance of managing people, it is necessary for managers to develop appropriate ways how to do it. Human relations management has fail a concern of many companies. To increase work productivity each association must build a way how to motivate their employees, see them as individuals and not machines, and provide them with good working conditions.Since homophile race being is the main key factor of the organization, managers should always be encouraged to seek for new opportunities for the company growth. Human relations movement approach was started and established by Elton mayonnaise a Harvard professor who is virtually famous for the intimately-known Hawthorne studies try at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Com pany in Chicago,USA. Mayo conducted and analyzed the prove for several years. The intention of the experiment was to investigate the relationship between work conditions and productivity by examining environmental influences at workplace.After a while experiment moved on to the psychological aspects as well. During this research, new approaches to motivation, social relations and employee cargon were developed in order to increase work movement and productivity. Experiment gave an opportunity to actualize human behavior in groups and their needs in work environment. The experiment had four stagecoachs- illumination studies, relay assembly audition room, interviewing process and bank wiring observation room. For the rootage stage, on that point were selected workers from the Hawthorne plant. beters were separated in groups and placed under the eye of supervisor in separate test rooms.The idea was to research and determine relationship between illumination in workplace and emp loyee work efficiency, by increasing or decreasing lighting in the test rooms. The final results were confusing and eitherone thought that the experiment has failed, because despite of the increase or decrease of lighting-productivity has been increased or stayed the same at all meters. Researchers try to figure out different theories, wherefore it has happened. The general conclusion was that illumination is not the most crucial factor of output. After this stage change in employees behavior was discovered, workers felt of import and knew that the work erformance leave alone be researched. Researchers decided to call this phenomenon as Hawthorne effect. This unusual effect is lock away noticeable in nowadays and it has a big role in human relations management. For example, clinical research organizations- when patients argon randomized for the attempt, organization is subordinating patients for the Hawthorne effect. Patient health is studied for a long period of time and s pecial attention is received from many employees. Clinical trial organizations usually choose two randomisation options for patients-giving the actual trial medicine or the placebo medicine, which is not a real treatment.In most of the cases, clinical trial measures can result both in true or false improvement, which is caused by Hawthorne effect. In clinical research industry important factor is not only scientific, but overly psychological effect, because without canvas human factors, finding necessary answers would be much harder, if the theory would be based only on scientific and medical impacts. The second stage of the experiment was relay assembly test room. Again there were selected people from the Hawthorn plant and divided in groups.This stage was conducted to investigate importance of working hours, eat breaks, rest periods, wages and so forth There were numerous questions that needed to be answered in order to understand how to manage efficient working day. That is w hy researchers kept changing rest periods, work weeks, wages, supervisory practices etc. This stage had the same effect as the illumination stage- no matter what change researchers introduced productivity either increased or stayed the same. After this stage the most important conclusion was that material gains are not as important as the social processes at the workplace.Every company must pay attention to employee well being, in order to establish positively charged working conditions and improve employee motivation scheme. One of the most favourite motivation programs in nowadays is the Employee of the month title. Organizations deposit effort to analyze employees accomplishments every month. That is a simple way how to say thank you for the effort that has been made and motivate for even more successful results by granting workers with the special title and, in some cases, even with material bonus. The third stage at the Hawthorne plant was interview process.Over 21,000 of em ployees were interviewed by the time of three years to find out the reasons for the increased productivity in previous two stages. Questionnaires were astir(predicate) everything what affect employees working conditions. Workers were allowed to talk about anything, but not always the answers were truthful or useful for the experiment. During the interviews Mayo thought that he had spread his research in like manner wide and too far, because many of the answers were too vague. At the end of the interviews, researchers were surprised by the unpredictable results again.Investigators came to revealing that employees started to reveal more of personal facts, by the time of interviewing. Rather than giving direct answers, workers chose to speak about their personal life details and issues. After this stage became clear, that each person has their own individuality and important fact for the employers is to create certain trainings and interview processes-applicable for every employee. Also it is important to create surveys for employees and clients as well, to make sure that the company is moving forward, not backwards.For example, worldwide hotel Premier Inn has created survey called Your say (Premier Inn, 2011), which is a short questionnaire for employees and guests. By asking questions about the guest satisfactory level, Premier Inn can reiterate information and create a plan how to avoid from biggest mistakes and also consider guest recommendations. Survey is also for employees-to make sure every single employee is satisfied and after the survey there is possibility to manoeuvre meetings and discuss negative or positive outcomes of their responsibilities.Most of the companies use these surveys in nowadays, to strengthen and improve their business. The last stage at the bank wiring room in Chicago was conducted to study behavior of the workers in sluttish groups, and research the social structure and its importance at the workplace. Overall conclusion for this stage when humans move with each other for a long period of time, various social structures are being created. Work productivity is affected by social processes at workplace, which is why important factor in every organization is communication.Many companies use informal meetings to strengthen employees, by creating different team building programs, so employees doesnt feel like that is a compulsory task to attend. Overall, the main characteristics of the Hawthorne experiment theory are still noticeable in nowadays. Motivation, social relations, employee care/needs in work environment and behavior of groups are the basics of the human relations movement. Elton Mayos experiment was a major historical point and even though Hawthorne studies received a lot of criticism, it was a huge step in human relations management.While Scientific Management looked at technology and processes, Mayo found that the real key to exalted productivity lies within the people and work units, or gro ups, in the organization (Odportal 2011). Human satisfaction will always lead to productivity, which is why communication at workplace is important factor to achieve positive results. Also motivated workers are always more committed to their job-this was one of the most important characteristics in Hawthorne experiment. Without human relations theory, working conditions would be slightly different nowadays.Every person has their own individuality and needs, why it is important for organizations to take care of employees, make their own researches and seek for different options how to keep employees interested and motivated at all times. References 1. A Fast Learners Guide to Leadership. The Human Relations Movement. http//www. odportal. com/ leading/fastlearner/humanrelations. html -accessed 01/11/2011 i. p. 1 2. Guest Recommend Survey http//www. premierinn. com/en/why/contact_us/guest-recommend-survey. html accessed 01/11/2011 i. p. 1

Leadership Qualities In the novel Lord Of The Files Essay

In the novel lord of the files both Ralph and oafish demonstrate qualities of a leader and others that would shake up you think otherwise. In this essay I will evaluate how each character has leadership qualities and how they atomic number 18 shown in the book.Firstly Ralph demonstrates leadership qualities by taking the lead on the expedition. He immediately seems standardised the maven in charge. He is confident, He hastened back into the forest. Ralph shows that he knows exactly what he is doing and is confident in his own judgement. This is a quality that leaders devour, they are able to trust their own judgement and be a go-getter, Ralph shows a continuous sense of self-confidence in his actions and decisions and isnt afraid to take a leap of faith.However, shote does not demonstrate this leadership quality. He is reserved and very self-conscious. He glanced everyplace ralphs shoulder before leaning this tells me that piggy is very self-conscious of peoples opinion about him. He confides in Ralph after trusting him with his name and seems identical a follower. By taking the back seat in the first chapter Piggy shows us how intelligence isnt always directly visible.Piggy is more sizeable than Ralph as Piggy comes up with suggestions that are both productive and extremely important for survival and knowledge about the Island. I expect well want to know their names, said the fat boy, and make a list. Although Ralph seems like the boy with the leadership qualities and the knowhow, Piggy comes up with probably the most important plan to get get through the island. He assumes that he and Ralph could not have been the only survivors from the plane crash and quickly devises a outline to make every one accountable for themselves. This intellectual mind-set portrayed is a leadership quality, notwithstanding it not being as obvious in him due to his withdrawn, following nature.Also, from appearance Ralph seems like a good leader. He is describes as the fair boy, as opposed to the fat boy. This is substantive because the writer uses contrast to make ralph research better outwardly and arguably make Piggy look better inwardly. The novel is a question on societys judgment on the news leader what is a leader? is it appearance or content?. Ralph seems like the perfect man for the job. He is described as having a developing torso, putting emphasis on his physique and physical cyclorama and he seems a lot more fit that piggy.Ralph also doesnt seem to have as much problems as Piggy. Piggy has Asthma, seems to have a fear of his controlling grandma and also seems to puff up a considerable amount of times. Through the writer making Piggy seem like the one with the problem the effect given is that Piggy begins to show unusual leadership qualities. Piggy is a quick, calculated thinker and most of his ideas are shunned by Ralph until he supposedly thought them up. This Shows that although Ralph is ignorant in terms of praise for Piggy he does acknowledge that Piggy does come up with the ideas much quicker than him.Ralph, on the other hand demonstrates attributes that are not normally considered leadership qualities. They used to call me Piggy. Ralph shrieked with laughter. He jumped up. Piggy Piggy. Ralph shows childishness in this passage which is an attribute that is not considered a leadership quality. Through Ralphs childishness we begin to consider how important Piggy is.We see Piggy although he does not evidently look it, is a far more mature boy. He calculates and makes meliorate conclusions whereas Ralph seems to just be an adventurer and a depiction of a leader in those harsh times. As It was a time of war children would have been expected to have physical talent (to work for their guardian in the country) and mental strength. Ralph and Piggy alone do not have proficient leadership qualities enough to be a leader but collectively they join up to have essential skills for survival on a deserted Island

Discuss the possible reasons for higher mortality and morbidity rates among the working classes

DISCUSS THE POSSIBLE REASONS FOR HIGHER MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY rate AMONG THE WORKING CLASSES. It has been acknowledged since the 19th Century that kinsfolk relates to inequality. This essay will explore this sweep in more detail, considering the various explanations establishn for these differences. The most widely accepted, recent study of health inequalities and affable break was the Black Report of 1980, which ga in that respectd in pee-peeation relating to the Standardised Mortality Rates (SMR) for variant companionable classes in Britain, based on the Registrar Generals categorization according to occupationThe Black Report was crystallize in its conclusion In the case of adults between the ages of 15 and 64, for virtually all causes of shoemakers last there is a consistent inverse relationship between social class and mortality. That is, the high the social class group, the displace its SMR, and conversely the lower the social class group, the higher its SMR. ( Black Report, 1980)The report alike came up with four executable explanations statistical artefact ( the differences reflect the differences in methodologies used in measurework forcet of SMR and morbidity rates) social excerpt (the differences are because healthier people rise up through the social classes leaving the sick or disabled at the bottom) cultural explanations (the lower social classes lead unhealthier lifestyles than the higher classes, leading to more nausea and earlier deaths) and materialistic explanations (economic differences within clubhouse lead directly and indirectly to poorer health and increased death rates within the lower classes).Since the Black Report was published, the governwork forcet commissi unrivalledd a nonher report into health inequalities, published in 1998, the Acheson Report. This showed that non only had inequalities continued since 1980, but the sexual intercourse differences between classes I and V had increased even further. For exa mple, in 1970 the mortality rate for men in class V was doubly that of those in class I in the 1990s it had increased to three times as high. (In 1998 there were less people in class V than in 1970, so to try to account for this, Acheson feature the top two classes and the bottom two.However this still showed that in the 1970s a person in classes IV & V had a 53% higher chance of death than ace in classes I & II, rising to 68% by 1990). Measures of morbidity showed the same differences- among the age group 45- 64 in the 1990s, 17% of men in classes I & II complained of a limiting long standing illness, compared with 48% of men from classes IV & V. Similar differences applied to women. So the Black Report, alongside legion(predicate) other studies, identifies a clear statistical link between social class and mortality and morbidity rates.However this link has been questioned by certain researchers, and the artefact supposition presented as an explanation. One such is Illsley (19 87) who criticised the Black Report for concentrating on the relative inequalities of social class rather than on the general improvements in the health of the population as a whole. He argued that although relative differences between the classes were increasing, the number of people affected by these differences was small, due to the size of the concluding classes reducing. For example, during the period of statistical collation, the number of people in class V fell from 12. % of the population to 8. 4%, and class I increased from 1. 8% to 5%.These criticisms were addressed by the combining of the two final and highest groups in the Acheson Report, but a gap was still apparent. It has also been claimed that occupations stated upon death certificates were wrongly categorized, thereby making the statistics inaccurate. Le Grand (1985) examined individual death certificates, and found smaller differences between the classes than Pamuk (1985) who collated the existing statistical evi dence.The second explanation given for the inequalities identified by the two reports is social selection i. e. that social class status is related to an individuals health status. For example, good for you(p) people are more likely to have a higher social status than those who are sick/ disabled because they screw work harder and are because more likely to be promoted. (Illsley, 1987). Wadsworth (1986) supports this view, finding that males who suffered childhood illness experience more downward mobility than those who had healthy childhoods.Other researchers have argued that the opposite is in fact true, however that those from poorer backgrounds face a wealth of economic, social and employment factors that contribute to ill health. Therefore they say that class position shapes health, and not vice versa. The troika explanation is that of culture, and says that the lower classes engage in more unhealthy lifestyles smoking, eating more fatty and honeyed regimens, and drinking more. All lead to higher morbidity levels and earlier deaths (HMSO, 1999).Blame for these statistics is therefore laid severely at the individuals door, or with the social environment in which they live, and educational programmes are advocated. However critics argue that these behaviours are a rational response to the circumstances in which people live. For example, Graham & Blackburn (1993) found that mothers on Income bind smoke because they have lower psycho-social health than the general population, and smoking provides a very real form of relief for them.It may be the only thing that they do for themselves in a day fill up with child wangle responsibilities, and may also be an economic necessity, in that the nicotine abates hunger so that food is not as necessary. A further explanation given for the class inequalities in health is the materialistic explanation, which traces the chief(prenominal) influences on health to the structures of society and conditions of life for its members. The theory doesnt deny the effects of an individuals behaviour, but blames the way society is organised- certain groups are systematically disadvantaged so that they inevitably experience ill health.This theorys roots rouse be traced back to the late 19th century, when Engels (1974) concluded that ill health was the result of the capitalist interest group of profit, resulting in dangerous jobs for the workers, long hours and poor pay. Exponents of this explanation argue that the poor diet eaten by many of the lower classes is not due to personal choice, but an inability to afford healthy food. Lobstein (1995) compared prices of foodstuffs in different areas of London in 1988 and 1995. He found that healthy food was priced more inexpensively in adequate areas, whereas unhealthy food was cheaper in poorer areas.Healthy food may now be priced more cheaply at the out of town supermarkets that are common, but as Wrigley (1998) argues, it is still unavailable to those wit h no car. With higher transport costs to reach the supermarket, they are then left with less money to buy the food that is available. It has been calculated that 15% of all early deaths are due to a poor diet, but Doyal & Pennell (1979) also support the view that this is not the individuals fault, arguing that manufacturers produce poor quality food, filled with harmful chemicals and salt, shekels and fat, which in turn leads to obesity and heart disease.Another fact upon which most people agree is that hold is related to health. It is well accepted by most that damp, cold rooms contribute to respiratory diseases and overcrowding can lead to stress and psychological problems. Thomson et al (2001) comment that many studies show an improvement in health when efforts are do to improve housing. Another material factor in ill health is unemployment- men in manual occupations who have a limiting long-standing illness are more likely to be unemployed than men in higher classes with the same conditions.It has been stated that the relative risk of mortality in a middle aged man who is unemployed is double that after five course of instructions than that of one who has not been unemployed. (Morris et al, 1994). Finally,another possible reason for the higher SMR and morbidity rates among the working classes could be to do with nettle to health apprehension, neatly put by Tudor-Harts Inverse Care Law (1971) the availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served.Other studies have found fewer doctors practicing in areas of greater need, usually where the population is of a lower social class (Appleby & Deeming, 2001). It has also been suggested that doctors in these areas give less good service, based on the amount of surgical referrals made for certain conditions e. g. hernias, gallstones, when compared with the amount of consultations made by patients (Chaturvedi & Ben-Shlomo, 1995) and often once a referral has b een made a patient from a deprived area will be given lower priority and therefore wait longer for surgery than one from a better-off area (Pell et al, 2000).In conclusion, it has been shown that vast inequalities in health status, and also in health care provision, exist between the social classes, even in modern Britain, despite the popular conception of a classless society. Despite improvements in medical knowledge, nutrition, housing, sanitation, employment conditions and the health services, people of a lower social class are still more likely to die before they reach one year of age, and, if they reach that milestone, are three times more likely to die before the age of 64 than somebody in a higher social class.Various explanations for these facts have been put forward, and criticised, but the theory that seems to have most support from the research available is that of the materialists. This links with the social model of health, which is gradually turn more widely accepted. It will take huge effort on behalf of a government to reduce, and in conclusion eradicate, the inequalities in health experienced by those in the lowest social classes within Britain today, but that is not to say it is impossible given consistent and committed effort.